Research by steven maier suggests that learned may be due to a higher-level region of the brain known as the which subjects determine what is controllable.

a. amydgala
b. hyppocampus
c. dorsal raphe nucleus
d. ventomedial prefrontal cortex (vmpfc)

The correct answer will be option-D

Explanation:

Learned helplessness is defined as the psychological condition in which the person starts believing that the person is incapable of doing and accomplishing small tasks and has no control or lost control over the surrounding environment.

This condition happens when the person fails to escape the shocks caused by the aversive events and starts believing that the outcomes are independent of their response.

This condition is biological and is caused by the inhibition of the ventromedial prefrontal complex pathway associated with the learning ability. The ventromedial and also dorsal raphe nucleus is involved in the learned helplessness.

Thus, option-D is the correct answer.

explanation:

the fossil record extends back to a dog-like ancestor some 55 million years ago, which gave rise to the first horse-like species 55 to 42 million years ago in the genus eohippus.