Which of the following represents the correct evolutionary order, from earliest to latest evolution?
a. wind-pollinated plant → plant with swimming sperm → animal-pollinated plant
b. plant with swimming sperm → animal-pollinated plant → wind-pollinated plant
c. animal-pollinated plant → wind-pollinated plant → plant with swimming sperm
d. animal-pollinated plant → plant with swimming sperm → wind-pollinated plant
e. plant with swimming sperm → wind-pollinated plant → animal-pollinated plant

The correct answer will be option-E

Explanation:

Pollination is the transfer of pollen from the male plant to female plant which also developed and co-evolved with the evolution of the plant kingdom.

In the bryophytes and the pteridophytes, the pollination was mediated by the transfer of the male sperms to female plants through water so these groups were pollinated by the water.

Later the plants evolved into the gymnosperms which bore naked seeds and their pollination was mediated by the wind mainly. With the emergence of the angiosperms which bore flowers and the nectar to attract the insects were and are pollinated by the insects.

Thus, pollination strategies evolved with the evolution of the plant kingdom and option-E is the correct answer.

a fossil fuel is a fuel formed by natural processes, such as anaerobic decomposition of buried dead organisms, containing energy originating in ancient photosynthesis.[1] the age of the organisms and their resulting fossil fuels is typically millions of years, and sometimes exceeds 650 million years.[2] fossil fuels contain high percentages of carbon and include petroleum, coal, and natural gas.[3] other commonly used derivatives include kerosene and propane. fossil fuels range from volatile materials with low carbon to hydrogen ratios like methane, to liquids like petroleum, to nonvolatile materials composed of almost pure carbon, like anthracite coal. methane can be found in hydrocarbon fields either alone, associated with oil, or in the form of methane clathrates.

the theory that fossil fuels formed from the fossilized remains of dead plants by exposure to heat and pressure in the earth's crust over millions of years was first introduced by andreas libavius "in his 1597 alchemia [alchymia]" and later by mikhail lomonosov "as early as 1757 and certainly by 1763".[4] the first use of the term "fossil fuel" was by the german chemist caspar neumann, in english translation in 1759.[5]

in 2017 the world's primary energy sources consisted of petroleum (34%), coal (28%), natural gas (23%), amounting to an 85% share for fossil fuels in primary energy consumption in the world.[6] non-fossil sources in 2006 included nuclear (8.5%), hydroelectric (6.3%), and others (geothermal, solar, tidal, wind, wood, waste) amounting to 0.9%.[7] world energy consumption was growing at about 2.3% per year. in 2015 about 18% of worldwide consumption was from renewable sources.[8]