Ascientist discovers that a soil bacterium he has been studying produces an antimic robial that kills gramnegative bacteria. she isolates and purifies the anti microbial compound, then chemically converts a chemical side chain to a hydroxyl group. when she tests the anti microbial properties of this new version, she finds that this antimicrobial drug can now also kill gram-positive bacteria. thenew anti microbial drug with broad-spectru mactivity is considere dto be which of the following? a. resistantb. semisyntheticc. syntheticd. natural

The kidney filters potentially toxic substances in the blood, and thus “clears” the blood of those substances. this clearance function is dependent upon and proportional to the diffusion gradient of the substance across filtering capillaries, i.e. if the concentration of the substance is doubled, twice as much will be cleared from each ml of blood that is filtered. suppose that the body produces a constant amount of a substance x per unit of time. the kidneys eliminate substance x at a rate directly proportional to the concentration of the substance and the volume of blood cleared each minute (c): elimination = c × [x], where [x] is the steady-state concentration of substance x. imagine an individual with an initial concentration of x equal to [x]0 who develops kidney disease. her baseline clearance c0 drops to one half of the original (½c0). what is the new steady state concentration of x? (for simplicity, assume that substance x is 100% filtered by the kidney).