Many second messenger systems activate enzymes that transfer a phosphate group from atp to a protein. the phosphorylation of proteins sets off a series of intracellular events that lead to the ultimate cellular response

Many second messenger systems activate kinases, enzymes that transfer a phosphate group from ATP to a protein. The phosphorylation of proteins sets off a series of intracellular events that lead to the ultimate cellular response.

Explanation:

For example, the second messenger cAMP activates the protein kinase A (PKA), which catalyzes the phosphorylation of other proteins.

The second messenger Ca²⁺ forms an active complex with a protein called calmodulin. This complex activates CaM kinases, that phosphorylate a group of target proteins, regulating its activities.

1. glaciers are melting

2. more water going into ocean (water's such as fresh waters, etc)

voluntary muscles are controlled by the cerebellum.