In quiet breathing (a) inspiration is passive and expiration involves muscular contractions. (b) inspiration and expiration involve muscular contractions.(c) inspiration and expiration are both passive processes. (d) inspiration involves muscular contractions and expiration is passive. (e) none of these.

In quiet breathing inspiration involves muscular contractions and expiration is passive.

Explanation:

Respiration process involves two different stages, inspiration - inhalation- and expiration - exhalation-.

During inspiration, the diaphragm contracts and goes down, while intercostal muscles also contract and go up. These actions enhance the size of the thoracic box and reduce internal pressure. As a result, air flows in and fills the lungs.

During expiration, the diaphragm relaxes and the volume of the thoracic box diminishes, which causes the pressure inside to increase. In consequence, the lungs contract and the air is expulsed outside.  

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answer:

the water molecules are transferred from the roots to the stem or top parts of the tall tree because of important properties of water which are adhesion, cohesion and capillary action. cohesion is the property of water molecules keeps water molecules in a combined state by sharing of bonds between them at the atomic level. adhesion allows the interaction of water molecules with other substances or substrate. adhesion will cause the attachment of water molecules to the wall of the vessel (xylem) of the plant. capillary action occurs when the adhesive force to the vessel wall is stronger than the cohesive force between water molecules. capillary action mimics the transfer of water from a tube or pipe. in this way water utilizes its property to transfer water from down to top level of the plant.