In the ant-treehopper study illustrated in the text, why did the scientists assign plants in the study plot to the ants-present versus ants-removed groups at random—instead of, for example, assigning all the plants on the west side of the plot to the ant-present group and all the plants on the east side to the ants-removed group?

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you did not attach the discourse, but i assume it to be the discourse on the origin and basis of inequality among men (the original titile in french is: "discours sur l'origine et les fondements de l'inégalité parmi les hommes"), also know as "second discourse". in this discourse, jean-jacques rousseau emphasizes that private property is the basis of all inequalities.

therefore, what enabled the old regime to maintain as long as it did was private property.

well for one plants are always the producer, so a is the answer. a wolf is more of the consumer(predator) and the deer is the prey so i know those two are out of the question. also mushrooms are fungi/fungus so a is the producer.