An experimenter studying the oxidation of fatty acids in extracts of liver found that when palmitate (16: 0) was provided as substrate, it was completely oxidized to co2. however, when undecanoic acid (11: 0) was added as substrate, incomplete oxidation occurred unless he bubbled co2 through the reaction mixture. the addition of the protein avidin, which binds tightly to biotin, prevented the complete oxidation of undecanoic acid even in the presence of co2, although it had no effect on palmitate oxidation.
explain these observations in light of what you know of fatty acid oxidation reactions.
a) what will be the products of undecanoic acid metabolism in the absence of biotin?
b) what kind of enzyme do you think is required for the complete oxidation of undecanoic acid? and why you think it is this type of enzyme?

Which class of molecules contains the amino group, nh2 (a) sugars (b) water (c) proteins (d) hydrocarbons

Epinephrine is a hormone released from the adrenal gland of the body, most often in a stressful situation. it is known as the "fight-or-flight" hormone. one way that it causes a response in the body is to activate receptors on muscle cells. where are these cellular receptors located? a. on the cell membrane b. in the nucleus c. on the cell wall d. around the mitochondria

Bisphenol a (often called bpa) is a chemical found in products that people use every day, from water bottles to food containers to children's toys. unfortunately, bpa leaches out of its many products and makes its way into our bodies. what are the health effects of bpa exposure? ongoing research is finding that elevated exposure to bpa can affect a wide variety of developmental and physiological processes, but one of the first studies of bpa's health effects came about because of a simple mistake in the lab. at a laboratory at case western reserve university in 1998, geneticist patricia hunt was making a routine check of her female lab mice. as she extracted and examined developing eggs from the ovaries, she began to wonder what had gone wrong. she noticed that many of the eggs showed problems with their chromosomes, and some had irregular amounts of genetic material, which can lead to miscarriages and birth defects in mammals. she learned that a lab assistant had mistakenly washed the plastic mouse cages and water bottles with a harsh soap, releasing bpa from the plastic. knowing that bpa is an endocrine disruptor, a chemical that can enter organisms and mimic hormones, hunt set out to discover whether it had adversely affected her mice.