Compare and contrast the evolutionary ideas of gradulism and punctuated equilibrium and name thier originators.

1. GRADUALISM VERSUS 2. PUNCTUATED EQUILIBRIUM

1. Hypothesis that evolution proceeds by imperceptibly small, cumulative steps over long periods of time rather than by abrupt, major changes

2.Hypothesis that evolutionary development is marked by isolated episodes of rapid speciation between periods of little or no change

1. Brings small variation to a particular species

2. Emphasizes consistent and cumulative changes to species

1 Occurs over a long period of time

2.Occurs within a short period of time

1. Describes evolution as a slow process

2. Brings short events, which speed up the slow evolution

1. Not proven by fossil records

2. Better model to describe evolution

Explanation:

It is a term coined by Stephen Jay Gould and Niles Eldredge to contrast with their model of punctuated equilibrium, which is gradualist itself, but argues that most evolution is marked by long periods of evolutionary stability (called stasis), which is punctuated by rare instances of branching evolution.

Based on geology and the findings of James Hutton and Charles Lyell, gradualism states that large changes are actually the culmination very small changes that build up over time. Scientists have found evidence of gradualism in geologic processes, which the Prince Edward Island Department of education describes as the

"...processes at work in the earth's landforms and surfaces. The mechanisms involved, weathering, erosion, and plate tectonics, combine processes that are in some respects destructive and in others constructive."

Proponents of punctuated equilibrium included such scientists as William Bateson, a strong opponent of Darwin's views, who argued that species do not evolve gradually. This camp of scientists believes that change happens very rapidly with long periods of stability and no change in between.

c.) polymerase chain reaction

- "unlike the original dna fingerprinting method, dna profiling does not use restriction enzymes to cut the dna. instead it uses the polymerase chain reaction (pcr)? to produce many copies of specific str sequences. pcr is an automated procedure that generates lots of copies of a specific sequence of dna."

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