During the final step of cellular respiration (electron transport chain & oxidative phosphorylation), the mitochondria pumps h+ ions from the matrix (the innermost part of the mitochondria) to the intermembrane space. this creates something called a concentration gradient. after all the h+ ions are pumped into this space, where do h+ ions want to move and more importantly why?

What best explains whether bromine (br) or neon (ne) is more likely to form a covalent bond? bromine forms covalent bonds because it has seven valence electrons, but neon has eight valence electrons and already fulfills the octet rule. bromine forms covalent bonds because it has many electron shells, but neon has only two electron shells and is tightly bound to its electrons. neon forms covalent bonds because it can share its valence electrons, but bromine has seven valence electrons and can gain only one more electron. neon forms covalent bonds because it has only two electron shells, but bromine has many electron shells and will lose electrons in order to fulfill the octet rule.