1. in a pedigree, a square represents a male. if it is darkened he has hemophilia; if clear, he had normal blood
clotting.
a. how many males are there?
b. how many males have hemophilia?

a, 8

b, 3

Explanation:

If the pedigree you are referring to is the one that is attached then the answer would be:

A pedigree shows how a trait is passed on throughout generations. Like it says in the question, the squares represent males. If the square isn't shaded in, then that means they are unaffected by the trait or normal. If it is shaded, they are affected.

All you need to do for the first question is count the number of squares you see in the whole pedigree. In this case, there are 8.

The second one is asking how many are affected, or have hemophilia. You need to count the number of squares that are shaded in. In the pedigree, we see 3.

i believe it's c. the trait for large beaks will be passed on to future generations through natural selection.

since eventually smaller beaks would have to find another source of food or even eventually just die out from the lack of food.

d.embryo is the correct one