100 point
1. during meiosis, the alleles on each gene will separate individually into the gametes. this means that no matter what alleles were paired together in the parent, each gamete receives one allele. mendel stated this to be the law of **

a. gene regulation

b. independent assortment

c. independent segregation

d. gene assortment

2. which of the following statements is true about prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells? (select all correct responses)

a. eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells often have a cell wall.

b. prokaryotic cells are always bigger than eukaryotic cells.

c. eukaryotic cells do not have a nucleus, prokaryotic cells do.

d. eukaryotic cells are very simple, while prokaryotic cells are complex.

e. prokaryotic cells include all bacteria.

3. during meiosis, sex cells form when chromosome pairs are

a. doubled

b. combined

c. copied

d. separated

4. which of the following observations tells the biologist that the organism is eukaryotic? choose all that apply.

a. it converts stored energy to use for cellular processes

b. it has membrane-bound organelles.

c. it has a cell membrane.

d. it moves with flagella.

5. since prokaryotic cells lack membrane-bound orgnelles, many metabolic functions in the cell take

a. at the dna.

b. within the ribosomes.

c. in the cytoplasm.

d. at the cell wall.

6. gametes are so that when fertilization occurs, the resulting zygote will have the characteristic number of chromosomes for that species.

a. somatic cells

b. polyploidy

c. haploid

d. diploid

7. if an organism has two of the same alleles for a given trait, we say it is and in traits we automatically know the genotype.

a. hybrid, dominant

b. homozygous, recessive

c. dominant, heterozygous

d. recessive, homozygous

answer corectly not a big explanation

1. This is law of independent segregation by Sir Gregor Johann Mendel.

2. Prokaryotic cells include all the bacteria.

3. Chromosome pairs are separated.

4. Eukaryotic cells have membrane bound organelles.

5. Metabolic functions in prokaryotes take place in cytoplasm itself.

6. Gametes are haploid.

7. The gaps will be homozygous and recessive respectively.

1. The law of independent segregation i.e the 1st law of Mendel states that the alleles that are paired together in the parents do get segregated independently into the gametes and randomly unite in the offsprings. So it doesn't depend on how the alleles were paired in parents.

2. Almost all prokaryotic cell do have cell wall, but only the plant cells and some of the algae and slime moulds do have cell wall. Nither of the animal cells do have cell wall. Eukaryotic cells are larger than prokaryotic one. Prokaryotes are much simpler than eukaryotes. Only prokaryotes include all the bacteria.

3. During meiosis, there's the anaphase 1 which separates the homologous pair of chromosomes. So gametes become haploid.

4. Eukaryotes are the only ones which possess membrane bound organelles like mitochondria, golgi bodies, plastids etc. They are lacking in prokaryotes i.e bacteria.

5. In prokaryotes, there's no membrane bound organelles. So they have the cytoplasm which acts as base for all types of chemical reactions.

6. The meiosis makes the gametes haploid. So both sperm and ovum are haploid. So when they fuse, two haploids make a diploid and the characteristic number of chromosomes are maintained in a species.

7. If an organism have two alleles of a character same, then that organism is homozygous for that character. And if the organism expresses recessive character of a trait, then the organism is bound to be homozygous recessive for that trait because presence of a dominant trait makes the dominant character to be expressed.

step 1: nitrogen fixation- conversion of atmospheric no₂ into forms useful to plants by lightning, bacteria, and cyanobacteria.

step 2: nitrification-process of converting ammonia to nitrite or nitrate.

step 3: assimilation-plant roots absorb new form of nitrogen.

step 4: ammonification-conversion of organic nitrogen to ammonia by bacteria involved in decomposition.

step 5: denitrification-bacteria turns the decomposed matter back into n₂o, which is released into atmosphere; repeat cycle.