A50 î¼l pcr reaction contains two oligonucleotide primers. each primer is present in the pcr reaction at an initial concentration of 1î¼m.

a. how many moles of each primer are present in the pcr reaction?
b. how many molecules of each primer are present in the pcr reaction?
c. if the size of the pcr product in the above reaction is 500 bp, and the pcr reaction yields 2î¼g of the product, how many molecules of each primer are consumed by the pcr reaction?
hint: assume the average molecular weight of a nucleotide base pair is 650 daltons.
d. what ratio (percentage) of each primer was consumed by the pcr reaction

According to the theory of punctuated equilibrium, at what rate does speciation occur? species change depending on the rate of natural selection. after periods of stasis, new species evolve relatively rapidly. species change slowly and eventually form new species. some species change quickly and others change slowly to balance the overall rate.

The collared lizard is a species found in the desert southwest. male collared lizards show considerable color variation, ranging from brightly colored to a very dull pattern. your goal is to determine the function, if any, of male color patterns in collared lizards, using the scientific method. your tentative explanation is that male color plays a role in attracting females for mating purposes. you predict that females will preferentially choose brightly colored males over dull-colored ones. to test this prediction, you observed the interactions of female collared lizards with their male counterparts. you selected males that were the same age and size, and that differed only in their coloration pattern. you placed equal numbers of the two types of male lizards, bright and dull, in aquariums, along with one female lizard per aquarium. out of 350 aquariums observed, the female chose to mate with the brightly colored male 277 times, and the dull-colored male 70 times. in 3 instances, the females did not mate with either type. create a bar graph of your data, plotting the type of male (dull or brightly colored) on the x-axis. on the y-axis, plot the frequency with which each type of male was chosen by females. using this graph, answer the following question(s). is it reasonable to conclude (i.e., is it supported by the data) that female collared lizards prefer more brightly colored male lizards over dull-colored males?

15 ! come and answer! a(n) is the general term for an infectious disease that has spread across a city, region, or country.