The study of psychoneuroimmunology suggests that when a stressful situation is encountered, several biological reactions occur, including all of the following except: a) hormone secretion. b) rise in heart rate and blood pressure. c) increased respiration and sweating. d) lightheadedness or unconscious episodes.

d) lightheadedness or unconscious episodes.

Explanation:

There are several ways the body responds to stress but one method used by psychologists to measure this response is Hans Selye's general adaptation syndrome. This occurs in 3 stages:

1. The alarm reaction. This occurs when the stressor is first presented resulting in the RELEASE OF HORMONES from the adrenal gland into the blood stream. The hormone in turn cause sympathetic nervous system activation and increase energy levels, INCREASE RESPIRATION, increase muscle tension, reduce sensitivity to pain, slow down the digestive system, and cause a RISE IN BLOOD PRESSURE.

2. The stage of resistance- this occurs till the stress is removed.

3. The stage of exhaustion

Option D ( lightheadness and unconscious episodes)

Explanation: When stressful situation is encountered by the body, the body system initiates some biological reactions which are symptomatic (being felt). The symptoms include:

1. Hormonal secretion: the body secrets counter-regulatory hormones (e.g epinephrine) to regulate the stress.

2. Increased heart beat and blood pressure due to constriction of vessels by stress.

3. Increased biochemical activities which will requires more intake of oxygen to breakdown glucose to produce energy (ATP) and heat is lost through sweat.

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