2. which of the following statement(s) is/are true?
i. mutations always have a negative effect on the individual.
ii. mutations can have a positive effect on an individual.
iii. mutations can have no effect on an individual.
iv. mutations usually have a negative effect on an individual.
a. i only
c. i, ii, iii, and iv
b. i and iii only
d. ii, iii, and iv only

option D) II, III, and IV only

II. Mutations can have a positive effect on an individual.

III. Mutations can have no effect on an individual.

IV. Mutations usually have a negative effect on an individual.

Explanation:

The effects of mutation on the fitness of an organism include:

II) a mutation can be positive once it increases the fitness of the organism e.g the emergence of the malaria-resistant sickle cell hemoglobin gene (AS) instead of the AA gene that is susceptible to malaria attack.

III) a mutation that occurs in an amino acid that results in the use of a different, but chemically similar amino acid e.g a change from AAA to AGA will encode arginine, a chemically similar molecule to the intended lysine. This is called a NEUTRAL MUTATION - and it has no effect on the organism

IV) In general, mutations usually are deleterious - having negative effects - and reducing the fitness of organism. e.g Sickle cell anemia and hemophilia are due to mutations

i believe the correct answer is the virus gets an envelope that contains host molecules when it leaves the host cell.

explanation:

during the bidding/release stage of a virus, it encapsulates itself with part of the membrane of the host cells in this case the cells of the monkey and is the reason as to why the scientist found the genetic material of the monkey on the viral cell surface.

further explanation

to understand this answer, we have to know the cycle a virus undergoes to replicate. a virus is basically a bunch of genetic material enclosed in a capsule and lacks any machinery or organelles to ensure their survival so they must enter a host cell in order to get the environment needed to survive. some viruses enter and lyse(destroy) the host cell after they have replicated and undergo the lytic cycle while some enter and leave the cell intact after replicating and these undergo a lysogenic cycle. to enter the cell, they undergo the first process called attachment by binding to specific receptors and co-receptors on the surface of the host cell. after attaching to the cell, they start the second phase called penetration where virus enters or is engulfed whole by the host cell through a process called endocytosis. it is the same process that a cell takes up materials it needs or pathogens around it. uncoating of the virus then happens after the virus has been engulfed and is the third stage. the virus then undergoes releasing of its genetic material in the host's matrix.   the materials then enter the nucleus and undergo biosynthesis by adding themselves in strands of rna being translated and then copies of the virus are produced in addition to the host genetic material. the material/newly formed viral material then undergoes assembly inside the host cell and form a capsule around them. the virus undergoes the last release/budding stage by binding to the host membrane and pushing outwards. in doing so when they tear away from the host membrane, they pick up the genetic material from the membrane of the host cell to form their envelope.

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level: high school