The black-bellied seedcracker is a species of bird found in central Africa. They live in various habitats where individuals eat either hard, large seeds or small, soft seeds. Individuals with thick, shorter beaks can eat the harder seeds. Individuals with thin, longer beaks can eat softer seeds. Individuals with beaks of intermediate thickness and length cannot really eat either type of seed very well. If you measured beak width and length in populations of black-bellied seedcrackers, what type of selection would you expect to find?

a. directional selection
b. disruptive selection
c. natural selection
d. stabilizing selection

increase soil erosion                                             reduce soil erosion

cattle grazing                                                         hydroseeding

deforestation                                                         contour plowing

                                                                                planting vegetation

plant roots basically hold the top soil

together and stop soil erosion because

in such situation top soil is not removed

during flood but cattle grazing causes

soil erosion because cattle consume the

grasses and herbs and top soil is exposed.

same situation occurs because of

deforestation, the trees and plants are cut

down to expose top soil which causes soil

erosion

the answer to your question is b