Difference between independent and dependent variable

Whenever any experiment is performed then there are two variable in the experiment. These variables are dependent variable and independent variable.

The experimenter is able to change the independent variable in the experiment based on that the dependent variable is recorder.

If finding out the results of the experiments then it is said that the variable which is tested is dependent.

The change in the independent variable causes change in the dependent variable.

the last one: artificial selection/genetic engineering

plant breeding is modifying the genetic composition of the plant - but this isn't cloning (which is specifically introducing a gene into a genome). but you are artificially selecting for the phenotype that you want.

the second one is literally genetic engineering - the gene would have been cloned first and then inserted or genetically engineered into the new plant cell (the cotton).