A graded hyperpolarization of a membrane can be induced by .

Explanation:

In biology, hyperpolarization is any change in the cell's membrane potential, which makes it more polarized. That is, hyperpolarization is an increase in the absolute value of the cell's membrane potential. Thus, changes in the membrane voltage in which the membrane potential is more clearly positive or negative, are hyperpolarizations.

above statement is not a true statement about the open ocean because the open ocean has low levels of nutrients. most of the photosynthetic activity on earth occurs in the open ocean within the photic zone. organisms in the deep ocean are exposed to frigid temperatures and total darkness but it does not begin at the low-tide mark.