Harry was jogging down the road when he tripped in a pothole. As he fell, his ankle twisted violently to the side. The diagnosis was severe dislocation and spraining of the ankle. The surgeon stated that she would perform a reduction of the dislocation and then attempt to repair the injured ligament using arthroscopy. (a) What kinds of movements can normally occur at the ankle joint? (b) Was the doctor telling Harry that his bones were broken? (c) What is reduction of a joint? (d) Why is it often necessary to repair ligaments surgically? (e) How will the use of arthroscopic surgery minimize Harry’s recovery time and his suffering?

(a) The ankle joint is type of hinge joint that allows the degree of motion in two planes i.e., plantarflexion and dorsiflexion...

(b) No, his bones were fine because arthroscopic procedures usually don't operate on broken joints. Only the ligaments were torn apart after the fall.

(c) Ligaments are only repaired surgically when they are beyond recovery like in cases when they are completely torn apart as well as when they are stretched beyond limits.

(d) Arthroscopy needs small and less incisions and leaves no scars. Furthermore, for some people it is a type of speedier recovery in cases of joints.

burning of wood and coal

explanation:

the panel also concluded there's a better than 95 percent probability that human-produced greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide have caused much of the observed increase in earth's temperatures over the past 50 years.

many other transport proteins, often called pumps, move materials against a concentration gradient. active transport drives molecules across a membrane from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration. this process, shown in figure 5.1, uses transport proteins powered by chemi- cal energy.