One reason native plants are declining is that the invasive plants absorb nitrogen from the soil about twice as fast (α = 2). How low must you reduce this competition coefficient to enable the native species to persist? Assume that the native species has no competitive effect of the invasive species (β= 0).

α = 0 if β= 0

Explanation:

If both species want to persist in the same environment and their niches are also over lapping then both of the co-efficient values should be equal. There are two possibilities on these values for persistence. One is that one should compromise to the change produced by the invasive specie and two is that the new specie should compromise if he wants to stay (Assuming that there is no competition). In this way their niches won't overlap to a greater extent and therefore better chances of survival for both.

answer: - b cells

explanation: -

so, the b cells mediate their action by identifying the antigens present on the surface of the pathogens and then producing antibodies in return to mediate its effect.

answer; i believe the correct answer is (a)0