The breast-shaped projection on the temporal bone that provides anchoring sites for neck muscles is called the . Each rib articulates with the vertebral body at bony projections called a . The carries Cranial nerve II from the orbit into the cranial cavity. The (s) of a vertebra are short bony pillars projecting from the body, roughly translated to "little feet." is an abnormal lateral curvature of the spine of more than 10 degrees.

Explanation:

Mastoid apophysis is a bony prominence of the temporal bone that serves as one of the insertion points of the sternocleidomastoid muscles, major complex, digastric and splenic. This structure has a rounded shape, and inside it contains the mastoid cells, bone cavities filled with air.

Its most obvious anatomical relationship is with the external auditory canal, which is in front of the mastoid. It is a palapable prominence, since it is located just behind the auricular pavilion.

The rib cages constitute the articular surface of the vertebrae with the ribs. In the articulation of each rib with their respective vertebrae, two types of articulation are observed: The head of the ribs with the vertebral body (costovertebral joint). A bone eminence of the ribs, the tuberosity, is related to the transverse processes of the vertebrae that lie beneath it (cost-transverse joint).

The articulation of the ribs with the vertebrae is semi-mobile, and it is a type of joint called arthrodia.

The optic foramen -also called optic ductus- is a bony canal through which the canalicular segment of the optic nerve, the cranial nerve II, passes along with the ophthalmic artery.

It is medically important because a fracture of the orbit or base of the skull can cause temporary or permanent injury to the optic nerve, which leads to blindness.

The vertebral pedicles are two bony extensions that leave the vertebral body to join the proximal surface of the spinous and transverse processes. These pedicles are usually curved - of outer convexity and inner concavity - thin and narrow, constituting the lateral portions of the vertebral hole.

These pedicle structures usually have an upper and lower opening, called recesses, which together with the pedicle recesses of the neighboring vertebrae form the conjunction holes.

An abnormal lateral curvature of the spine is considered a pathological scoliosis when its angulation exceeds 10 °. Scoliosis has a value of importance in medicine, since it is considered deforming and sometimes disabling.

In scoliosis it can be seen that the column, normally straight, can deviate predominantly to one side and form a "C", or have an upper and lower curvature, forming an "S". Thoracic scoliosis can affect respiratory and even cardiovascular function.

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