Bacteria generally have a single chromosome that is in shape and found in the nucleoid region of the cell. Before the cell undergoes , the chromosome must so each daughter cell receives an identical copy of the genome. During this process, which proceeds in the direction, one strand is synthesized continuously and is known as the while the other strand, known as the , must be made in fragments. All the individual fragments are eventually joined together by , an enzyme that can create a covalent bond between adjacent bases. An exact copy of the parental strands is made because of the base-pair arrangement in the strands; adenine always pairs with and guanine always pairs with . The enzyme limits the occurrence of mutations by proofreading for mistakes. In order to make proteins, the strand of DNA is used during to synthesize a copy of the gene in the form of , which is identical to the coding strand of DNA except replaces .

prophase: we can observe the chromosomes to coil up and condense. they become visible. nuclear membrane and envelope disintigrate.s

metaphase: chromosomes align at the center, the metaphase plate. spindle fibers attach to centromeres of the sister chromatids. they meet at kinetochores.

anaphase: sister chromatids are pulled towards each opposing centromere, set on different poles.

telophase: chromosomes are now clustered up only on either sides of the cell. nuclear membranes reform, and a new cell wall forms along the cell plate. this will lead to cytokinesis, the process that divides the cell membrane and forms the cell wall.

the relative standard reduction potential of the half-cell in which reduction occurs; more positive than the other half-cell. reduction is a chemical process in which electrons are added to an atom or an ion; it always occurs accompanied by oxidation of the reducing agent.

the glands which are associated with each description is given below: