Over a long period of time, helpful variations in a species replace the unfavorable ones. This change can lead to
fossilization.

evolution.

geographic isolation.

genetic mutations

The helpful variations in species that replace the unfavorable traits and cause heritable changes to lead to evolution. The process was postulated by Charles Darwin.

The correct answer is:

Option B. Evolution

Evolution can be described as:

Thus, option B, evolution is correct.

To know more about evolution, refer to the following link:

link

Changes that occur in species, over a long period of time and that include the the replacement of unfavorable characteristics by helpful variations lead to evolution (second option).

Explanation:

Evolution, in terms of biology, consists of the genetic, anatomical and functional changes that occur in individuals of different species, acquiring useful characteristics that replace unfavorable characteristics, due to processes such as natural selection, proposed by Charles Darwin.

Biological evolution raises the existence of a common ancestor, from which all current known species are known, and an evolutionary line for each of those species. Evolution is considered the basis of biodiversity, due to the genetic changes it has produced over many years.

Learn more:

Evolution link

it has to be understood that the sea water contains a huge amount of sodium and chlorine ions and if they enter the cell of the atlantic cod fish, the cell will shrivel and the fish will die. to avoid such a condition, the fish uses active transport for the purpose of removing the ions against the gradient.

explanation:

the atlantic cod is not a maritime osmoconformer. its native application of salts is less than that of the seawater it lives in. it is continually falling water from the gills to the ocean via osmosis.

countering that, the fish is going to be swallowing seawater. but since its internal collection of salts is lower than seawater, the fish will want to go free of excess salt, and since that's going upon a gradient, then active transport, requiring energy, must be used to pump out the salt. much marine fish use the organs to filter out the salt and these fish discharge very straight urine.

that would be called plucking : )

explanation:

''plucking, also referred to as quarrying, is a glacial phenomenon that is responsible for the erosion and transportation of individual pieces of bedrock, especially large "joint blocks". as a glacier moves down a valley, friction causes the basal ice of the glacier to melt and infiltrate joints (cracks) in the bedrock."