The proton pump is a protein that moves protons across membranes against their concentration to create an electrochemical gradient. Another protein called an amino acid transporter utilizes that gradient to move amino acids uphill against their concentration gradient. If one form of energy (the proton pump) is converted into another form of energy (the movement of the amino acids), why isn’t this a violation of the second law of thermodynamics? Because…

Dna is always read in the whereas rna is read in .

Which of the following scenarios is an example of the bottleneck effect? answers a in south africa, much of the afrikaner population is descended from a small number of dutch colonists. in this population, this is an unusually high frequency of pseudoxanthoma elasticum (pxe), an elastic tissue disorder. b four white-tailed deer are introduced to a park in finland. thirty years after their introduction scientists compare the genes in the population and find that there is no variation. c during the industrial revolution, london's air became filled with soot. as a result, birds started eating more of the lighter moths because they were easier to spot than their darker counterparts. over time, the moth population changed so that there were more darker moths than lighter ones. d 10% of the population of american alligators in an area have the recessive trait albinism. a massive flood results in the death of 80% of the population. of the remaining population, 60% have the recessive trait of albinism.

What are the pros and cons of quadrat sampling?