How can a technologist or medical physicist calculate or estimate entrance skin dose? (1) Nomogram (2) Thermoluminescent dosimeter (3) Genetically significant dose (4) Output intensity

Explanation:

Entrance Skin Dose (ESD) is the measurement of radiation dose absorbed by the patient  . ESD directly estimates the quantity of radiation dose of the patient by using the Thermoluminescent dosimeter. It is also known as the entrance surface dose. Body habitus contributes to an increase in the dose of Entrance Skin Dose (ESD).  The estimated quantity radiation dose measured by the Thermoluminescent dosimeter can be calculated by Monte Carlo simulations upon several examinations of X-ray.

the cells uses some of the atoms of the glucose molecules to atp molecules. the atoms of the glucose molecules will then be converted into energy which will be eventually stored in atp. the energy produced which are stored in atp are coming from the glucose’s chemical bonds.