The initiation of transcription requires melting of the DNA double helix, i. e. separating hydrogen-bonded base pairs, immediately upstream of the +1 site. How is this melting accomplished in E. coli?

Here is the complete question

The initiation of transcription requires melting of the DNA double helix, i.e. separating hydrogen-bonded base pairs, immediately upstream of the +1 site. In E. coli this melting is accomplished by .

-DNA helicase unwinding the double helix around the +1 site.

-DnaA:ATP complexes binding to and twisting the double helix at the +1 site.

-RNA polymerase obtaining the energy to cause separation of strands from ATP hydrolysis.

-binding of the DNA complexes to the double helix at the +1 site and twisting of the double helix.

-bases at the promoter region flipping outward from the double helix into pockets on the polymerase.

And the answer is

bases at the promoter region flipping outward from the double helix into pockets on the polymerase.

the answers are as following:

1. c. double helix, nucleosome, coil, supercoil, chromosome

2. b. g2 phase, preparation for mitosis

3. d. interphase consists of the g1, s, and g2 phases

4. c. metaphase

5. a. chromosomes are duplicated before cell division so that each new daughter cell has a complete set