Which of the factors likely contributed to the evolution of inducible defenses against herbivory?a. differing strategies for overcoming plant defenses among herbivores b. unpredictable fluctuations in local herbivore populations c. the cost to growth of allocating resources to defense d. consistent fitness benefits of high allocations to defense

Option-(A,D): Consistent fitness benefits of high allocations to defense and differing strategies for overcoming plant defenses among herbivores.

Explanation:

The plants or primary producers are there in order to provide the optimum amount of energy for the different beings to survive, but there are some limitations for each living being itself and for that reason the plant life have also evolved it self not be over consumed by the herbivores or the primary consumers. As the herbivore are also evolving through time as they assembled there system and chemical balances that corresponds to any of the harmful material present inside the plants body and during the ingestion of such body parts the herbivores may be effected. So,they have evolved there body system in order to make some arrangements for confronting any complication faced by them.

the answer would be d : p