The process of the plasma membrane pumping excess sodium out of a cell into an environment where there is a lower concentration of sodium is called .

Acladogram is a branching diagram that represents suggested evolutionary relationships among organisms based on the presence of unique traits. a scientist discovers a new organism that lacks limbs and does not have a true backbone. the organism lays eggs to produce offspring and has a cartilage-like rod known as a notochord running along its dorsal surface. on the cladogram below, select the species to which the newly discovered organism is most closely related.

Consider the model of the oxygen cycle on earth. the majority of earth's oxygen reservoirs are found in the a) atmosphere. b) biosphere. c) hydrosphere. d) lithosphere.

Which example describes a mutualistic relationship between organisms? young wasps prey on caterpillars. crabs eat the remains of dead fish. tapeworms feed on food in the intestines of cats ants protect a tree on which they feed.