For an ecological study, you monitor herbivore-plant interactions in a rainforest and notice that mammalian herbivores avoid the leaves of a particular species of plant. However, a number of tiny herbivorous insect generalists that feed by piercing individual plant cells with their mouthparts appear capable of completing their entire life cycle feeding on this same species. You hypothesize that in this species the chemical defenses are: a. stored in the cytoplasm of epidermal leaf cells. b. stored in the vacuole in an inactive form and are activated by enzymes in the cytoplasm. c. contained in a latex stored in vascular canals. d. non-existent.

most community's take hundreds of years to become stable

1. the energy lost to disorder metabolism     -entropy

2. related to or possessing motion potential     -kinetic

3. all of the chemical reactions in an organism required for maintenance of the processes of life entropy     -metabolism

4. possible; ability to go into action or perform work kinetic     -potential

5. the study of energy and its transformations thermodynamics     -thermodynamics

c. earths continental crust is thicker than its lithosphere.

because, the lithosphere is the outermost layer of the earth/ 100 km thick and is defined by its machanical properties.the lithosphere contains oceanic and continental crust that varies in age and thickness across locations and geologic time. the lithosphere is the coolest layer of the earth in terms of temperature. the term lithosphere should not be confused with the use of "geosphere" which is used to indicate all of earth systems, including the atmosphere, hydrosphere   and biosphere. the surface of the earth can be divided into the continental crust and the oceanic crust.   the continental crust is made mostly of granite while the oceanic crust is made of basalt. the average thickness of the continental crust is 25 miles and the average thickness of the oceanic crust is 5 miles.   three types of rock, igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic, make up the surface of the earth. that's why 3 option is preferable.