Caffeine aids in the movement of calcium ions across cell membranes by both making it easier for the Ca2+ channels to open and by holding the channels open longer. How would the administration of caffeine to a muscle fiber affect its contraction?

Caffeine cause dose dependent prominent increase in force of contraction and period of contraction of muscle

Explanation:

Caffeine is widely used in foods and drinks. Its long time use can effect central nervous system include lethargy memory, sleep disorder and anxiety.

Increase in concentration of calcium ion will result increase number of power stroke and force for contraction.  However latent period and relaxation period are unaffected by caffeine. Increase in concentration of calcium ion will result increase number of power stroke and force for contraction.

Because of calcium ion release in skeletal muscle, caffeine causes peripheral manifestation such as hyper-reflexia, muscle twitching etc.

High amount of caffeine leads to increase in release of Ca2+ from sarcoplasmic reticulum. It increases tension development in single tetanic contraction and re-initiate maximum tension in fatigue single myofibre by restoring Ca2+ release from sarcoplasmic reticulum to non-fatigued levels.

d concave shape of wave rock

explanation:

the concave shape of wave rock is a very good evidence that supports the evolution of earth due to chemical weathering. if we talk about structure of   wave rock, studies have estimated that it is around 2.7 billion years old. it also serves as the foundation of evidence that it was the place where australian continent began to form.

how the structure of wave rock was created?

studies suggest that structure of wave rock was created when the surrounded area was started to weather due to which deposition of material started on the part of land which now contains wave rock.

the structure of wave rock is considered to be one of the best-known landforms in australia. at the height of around 15 cm, there can be found flared slopes which formulate the margins of hyden rock. it is now assumed by geologists that wave rock was created by subsurface water-induced weathering and not by glaciers, waves or wind.

due to deposition of material over the period of long time, the wave rock became tougher and tougher due to weathering from surrounding terrain. this makes it a physical evidence that supports   the evolution of earth due to chemical weathering.

hope it !

the atmospheric gas that forms a mild acid when dissolved in water is called carbon dioxide. the correct answer is a. 2.) chemical weathering would cause an inscription on a marble headstone to become harder and harder to read over time.