G This final question synthesizes your findings from many of the questions above. For each of the following scenarios… a. directional selection b. overdominant selection c. underdominant selection d. mutation alone e. mutation with selection …answer the following questions: i. How many equilibria are there? ii. For each equilibrium, is it fixation of A1 (frequency of A1 = 1), loss of A1 (frequency of A1 = 0), or something else (an intermediate value of the frequency of A1)? iii. For each equilibrium, is it stable or unstable? Recall that "equilibrium" means that if you set the allele frequency to exactly that value, it would stay there. And if you bumped the allele frequency a tiny bit away from that equilibrium value, it would return if the equilibrium is "stable" but move away if the equilibrium is "unstable".

See explanations

Explanation:

success (how many offspring an organism leaves in the next generation, relative to others in the group).

Natural selection can act on traits determined by alternative alleles of a single gene, or on polygenic traits (traits determined by many genes).

Natural selection on traits determined by multiple genes may take the form of stabilizing selection, directional selection, or disruptive selection.

Introduction

We've already met a few different mechanisms of evolution. Genetic drift, migration, mutation...the list goes on. All of these mechanisms can make a population evolve, or change in its genetic makeup over generations.

But there's one mechanism of evolution that's a bit more famous than the others, and that's natural selection. What makes natural selection so special? Out of all the mechanisms of evolution, it's the only one that can consistently make populations adapted, or better-suited for their environment, over time.

You may have already seen natural selection as part of Darwin’s theory of evolution. In this article, we will dive deeper – in fact, deeper than Darwin himself could go. We will examine natural selection at the level of population genetics, in terms of allele, genotype, and phenotype frequencies.

Quick review of natural selection

Here is a quick reminder of how a population evolves by natural selection:

Organisms with heritable (genetically determined) features that help them survive and reproduce in a particular environment tend to leave more offspring than their peers.

If this continues over generations, the heritable features that aid survival and reproduction will become more and more common in the population.

The population will not only evolve (change in its genetic makeup and inherited traits), but will evolve in such a way that it becomes adapted, or better-suited, to its environment.

Natural selection can cause microevolution

Natural selection acts on an organism’s phenotype, or observable features. Phenotype is often largely a product of genotype (the alleles, or gene versions, the organism carries). When a phenotype produced by certain alleles helps organisms survive and reproduce better than their peers, natural selection can increase the frequency of the helpful alleles from one generation to the next – that is, it can cause microevolution.

Refer below for the explanation.

Explanation:

achievement (what number of posterity a creature leaves in the people to come, comparative with others in the gathering).

Characteristic determination can follow up on qualities controlled by elective alleles of a solitary quality, or on polygenic (attributes dictated by numerous qualities).

Characteristic determination on attributes dictated by different qualities may appear as balancing out choice, directional choice, or problematic choice.

Presentation

We've just met a couple of various systems of development. Hereditary float, relocation, mutation...the list goes on. These instruments can cause a populace to advance, or change in its hereditary cosmetics over ages.

In any case, there's one component of advancement that is more acclaimed than the others, and that is characteristic choice. What makes normal determination so extraordinary? Out of the considerable number of components of development, it's the one in particular that can reliably make populaces adjusted, or more qualified for their condition, after some time.

You may have just considered normal to be as a feature of Darwin's hypothesis of development. Right now, will plunge further – truth be told, further than Darwin himself could go. We will look at common choice at the degree of populace hereditary qualities, as far as allele, genotype, and phenotype frequencies.

Speedy survey of regular determination

Here is a speedy token of how a populace advances by regular determination:

Life forms with heritable (hereditarily decided) highlights that assist them with enduring and replicate in a specific domain will in general leave more posterity than their companions.

In the event that this proceeds over ages, the heritable highlights that guide endurance and proliferation will turn out to be increasingly more typical in the populace.

The populace won't just develop (change in its hereditary cosmetics and acquired qualities), yet will advance so that it gets adjusted, or more qualified, to its condition.

advantage of using stem cells in medical research:

1.       it provides medical benefits in the fields of therapeutic cloning and regenerative medicine.

2. it provides great potential for discovering treatments and cures to a variety of diseases including parkinson disease, spinal cord injuries, diabetes, alzheimer’s disease and many more.

3. limbs and organ could be grown in lab from stem cells and then used in transplant or treat illness.

the transfer of energy between two molecules spaced just nanometers apart plays a key role in many technologies, including photovoltaics, quantum information systems, lighting, and sensors, as well as in biophysics to measure nanometer distances and in photosynthesis. but an open question in this area is what effect, if any, the surrounding photonic environment has on this nanoscale energy transfer. by designing and performing a carefully controlled experiment to answer this question, scientists have settled the debate and found clues to improving the efficiency of many of the technologies that rely on this process.

explanation: