Where does the energy come from to make ATP at the cloroplast

to make ATP, H+ ions will flow through the ATP synthase. this movement through ATP synthase will create enough energy for ATP to be formed.

the sugar-phosphate backbone forms the structural framework of nucleic acids, including dna and rna. this backbone is composed of alternating sugar and phosphate groups, and defines directionality of the molecule.

endo:

regulates body hormones, aldosterone, vasopressin

neural:

signal, regulates body using electric signals, reflex

endo has to do with hormones; aldosterone and vasopressin are both hormones. i also had this question and got it right : d