To establish that evolution by natural selection is operating in a population, one must demonstrate variability for a trait, heritability of that trait, differential reproductive success based on that trait, and:a) increased complexity of the organism. b) random mating. c) progress. d) continuous change in the environment. e) nothing else.

Approximately 90% of all cases of polycystic kidney disease are inherited in an autosomal dominant fashion. the disease is typically related to mutations to genes (pkd1 and pkd2). pkd genes can be found on chromosome 16. the disease occurs in approximately 1: 800 to 1: 1000 people. here is a hypothetical example. the dominant allele d will cause the development of pkd. the recessive allele is known as d. what genotypes would correspond to suffering from pkd? dd, dd what genotypes would correspond to being normal (not suffering from pkd)? dd consider that 1: 1,000 people have pkd in your population of 325million. consider that pkd is inherited in an autosomal dominant fashion. show you math for all of the following questions: what is the genotypic frequency for dd? what is the genotypic frequency for dd? what is the genotypic frequency for dd? what is p? what is q? how many people in your population would have pkd?

1. variations in a population of moths allow for some of its members to be able to adapt to environmental changes. the better adapted of the moths will be able to survive the change and thus prevail as the “fittest” of the species. (a) describe three mechanisms in which variation can occur within a species population. (b) explain which mechanism or mechanisms would be responsible for the survival of a population of peppered moths better than white moths in an environment affected by industrial soot. justify your answer.

What does polymerase chain reaction (pcr) do? o a. separates dna fragments by size o b. cuts a dna sample into fragments o c. provides an overall picture of a person's chromosomes o d. makes more copies of a sample of dna