In reality, the PCR reactions from the crime investigation would be carried out with primers that fluoresce. The products would then be run through an agarose gel, producing peaks like those seen in the paternity test, below.

1. What is the meaning of one peak instead of two at a given locus?
2. Referring to the paternity test below, what determines the position along the horizontal line of the various peaks?
3. What does the difference between two separate peaks of the same color signify?
4. In order to determine whether two people are siblings, their STRs have to be compared to the alleged parents. Why doesn't direct comparison of the siblings' STRs work for this purpose?

Four different thermometers were used to measure the temperature of a sample of pure boiling water. the measurements are recorded in the table below. thermometer temperature reading 1 temperature reading 2 temperature reading 3 w 100.1°c 99.9°c 96.9°c x 100.4°c 102.3°c 101.4°c y 90.0°c 95.2°c 98.6°c z 90.8°c 90.6°c 90.7°c the actual boiling point of pure water is 100.0°c. what can be concluded from the data about the reliability and validity of the thermometers?

To answer this question, researchers studied populations of the dusky salamander (desmognathus ochrophaeus) living on different mountain ranges in the southern appalachian mountains. the researchers tested the reproductive isolation of pairs of salamander populations by leaving one male and one female together and later checking the females for the presence of sperm. four mating combinations were tested for each pair of populations (a and b)—two within the same population (female a with male a and female b with male b) and two between populations (female a with male b and female b with male a). the proportion of successful matings for each mating combination was measured. for example, when all the matings of a particular combination were successful, the researchers gave it a value of 1; when none of the matings were successful, they gave it a value of 0. then the researchers calculated an index of reproductive isolation that ranged from 0 (no isolation) to 2 (full isolation). the reproductive isolation value for two populations is the sum of the proportion of successful matings of each type within populations (aa + bb) minus the sum of the proportion of successful matings of each type between populations (ab + ba). the table provides data for the geographic distances and reproductive isolation values for 27 pairs of dusky salamander populations.

Ras is a g-protein that is activated when a growth factor attaches to egfr. its activation results in the replacement of a gdp molecule with a gtp molecule, thus allowing a signal transduction pathway to be activated. considering the signal pathway illustrated on this page, what is one potential outcome of a mutation in the ras gene that leads to ras protein hyperactivity. be specific.