Describe 3 different ways that antibodies inactivate antigens

1) Antibodies are produced into the blood and mucosa, there they bind to and inactivate substances like pathogens and toxins. It's pretty much neutralization.

2) Antibodies activate the complement system to destroy bacterial cells by lysis (punching holes in the cell wall).

3) Antibodies facilitate phagocytosis of other substances by phagocytic cells (opsonization).

the correct answer is: b. pantala flavescens, because these organisms would have a high level of genetic variation due to sexual reproduction.  

because involves two organisms (parents) whose genetic material combines, sexual reproduction leads to genetic variation in new generations of offspring. the offspring is an unique organism, with new genome, more protected with the higher ability to adapted. this process is fundamental to evolution.