What evidence is presented in this chapter that lends an understanding that insects, with their miniscule cluster of nerve cells that serve as a rudimentary brain, can learn, and that their actions are not only determined by inherited instinct? What examples are given of ant teachers? Ants are social insects. Do you think this behavior and hierarchical social structure is important to the development of ant learning? What does the author conclude?

many other transport proteins, often called pumps, move materials against a concentration gradient. active transport drives molecules across a membrane from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration. this process, shown in figure 5.1, uses transport proteins powered by chemi- cal energy.

the "power" of a lens is its resolution power, or its ability to distinguish between to closely located points. with the low power lens, it is likely you will see the rough form of the hay and maybe some movement of dots around the hay. however, when observed with the high power lens, the detailed features of the hay become visible and the microbes being grown are more clearly visible.

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