All of the following are cofactors used in the reaction catalyzed by pyruvate dehydrogenase EXCEPT .

A. NAD+
B. Thiamine pyrophosphate
C. Biotin
D. FAD

Option B.

Thiamine pyrophosphate.

Explanation:

Pyruvate dehydrogenase is an enzyme that catalyses the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate to acetyl coA , NADH and CO2. Pyruvate dehydrogenase uses NAD, biotin, FAD and lipoic acid.

Thiamine pyrophosphate is not a cofactor for pyruvate dehydrogenase . It is a cofactor in living systems. Thiamine pyrophosphate is a coenzyme that function in carbohydrates, Amino acids and lipids metabolism.

the generally accepted parts of modern cell theory include: all known living things are made up of one or more cells. all living cells arise from pre-existing cells by division. the cell is the fundamental unit of structure and function in all living organisms.