The idea of "punctuated equilibrium" suggests that species show little to no evolutionary change throughout their history. When evolution does occur, according to this idea, it happens sporadically and relatively quickly compared to the species' full duration on earth. This idea of evolution in spurts challenges which of the components of Darwin's theory of evolution?

The idea of "punctuated equilibrium" suggests that species will show little to no evolutionary change throughout their history. When evolution does occur, according to this idea, it happens sporadically and relatively quickly compared to the species' full duration on Earth.

correct answer is option a.

tropopause, stratopause and mesopause have all in common aspect that is point of maximum temperature in its layer of the atmosphere. all layers of atmosphere observe abrupt change in temperature. tropopause is the boundary between troposphere and stratosphere. stratopause is the boundary between stratosphere and mesosphere. mesopause is the boundary between mesosphere and thermosphere. these all boundaries are ranges between altitude of 0 to 80 km.

c. earths continental crust is thicker than its lithosphere.

because, the lithosphere is the outermost layer of the earth/ 100 km thick and is defined by its machanical properties.the lithosphere contains oceanic and continental crust that varies in age and thickness across locations and geologic time. the lithosphere is the coolest layer of the earth in terms of temperature. the term lithosphere should not be confused with the use of "geosphere" which is used to indicate all of earth systems, including the atmosphere, hydrosphere   and biosphere. the surface of the earth can be divided into the continental crust and the oceanic crust.   the continental crust is made mostly of granite while the oceanic crust is made of basalt. the average thickness of the continental crust is 25 miles and the average thickness of the oceanic crust is 5 miles.   three types of rock, igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic, make up the surface of the earth. that's why 3 option is preferable.