For a species with a haploid number of 23 chromosomes, how many different combinations of maternal and paternal chromosomes are possible for the gametes based on the independent assortment of chromosomes during meiosis?

According to theories of how life began, how did early organic molecules begin to separate from the outside world? a: specialized enzymes were required b: chains of amino acids created a barrier c: formation of microspheres or vesicles d: rna catalyzed the formation of membranes