A. Which steps and enzymes are targets of regulation in the metabolism and catabolism of glucose through glycolysis and gluconeogenesis?

Be sure to include what molecules are utilized in regulation and their potential effects in each pathway.

For the following scenarios, please explain in detail the effect on both glycolysis and gluconeogenesis, as well as the effects on any of the enzymes.

b. The cellular concentration of ATP increases
c. The cellular concentration of ATP decreases
d. The body has high blood sugar
e. The body has low blood sugar

Regulation

Explanation:

a) Glycolysis: Glycolysis is an oxidative pathway to fulfill the energy demand of cell

Includes 10 sequential steps which can be divided into two separate phase:Preparatory phase: Glucose is phosphorylated in 6th and 1st carbon and then cleaved in 3-C sugar, 2 ATP consumed in this phase Pay off phase: is the one in which 3C sugar is sequentially oxidized to yield ATP, NADH and pyruvateAll irreversible steps of glycolysis are regulatory steps and catalysed by hexokinase, phosphofructokinase-1(PFK-1) and pyruvate kinase Hexokinase catalyses conversion of glucose to glucose 6 phosphate, ATP act as an activatorPFK-1 catalyses conversion of Fructose 6 phosphate to fructose 1,6 bisphosphatePyruvate kinase catalyses conversion of phosphoenol pyruvate to pyruvate, here ATP is generated

Gluconeogenesis: It is the process which synthesizes glucose from  non carbohydrate material, fulfills the glucose requirement of cell

At cellular level gluconeogenesis starts from matrix of mitochondria and completed in cytoplasmRegulatory enzymes of gluconeogenesis include pyruvate carboxylase and Fructose 1,6 bis-phosphatase Pyruvate carboxylase catalyses conversion of pyruvate to oxaloacetate Fructose 1,6 bis-phosphatase catalyses conversion of fructose 1,6 bisphosphate to fructose 6 phosphate

b) When cellular concentration of ATP increases then it means energy level is high in cell so glycolysis is suppressed and gluconeogensis is favored

c) When cellular concentration of ATP decreases then it means energy level is low in cell which favors glycolysis and suppress gluconeogenesis

d) High blood sugar releases insulin which favors glycolysis by increasing fructose 2,6 bisphosphate level and inhibits gluconeogenesis

e) Low blood sugar releases glucagon which inhibits glycolysis and stimulate breakdown of glycogen in liver cells and favors gluconeogenesis

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