In horses coat color shows incomplete dominance: the alleles are chestnut color (Hc) and cremello (Hcr); heterozygous individuals have the phenotype palamino. What are the predicted phenotypes from a cross between a palamino and cremello colored horses? What are the genotypes?

50% will be HcHcr (heterozygous, palamino) and the other 50% will be HcrHcr (homozygous, cremello)

Explanation:

Incomplete dominance is the genetic interaction in which homozygotes are phenotypically different from heterozygotes. Crosses that have incomplete dominance are those in which there is no dominant trait, nor recessive.

Organisms are diploid, which means that they have 2 alleles of each gene. Heterozygous means there are two different alleles, while homozygous means there are two identical alleles. Henceforth, the palamino horse has a HcHcr genotype because they have different alleles. The cremello horse has a HcHcr genotype.

During fertilization, the gametes produced by the horses are fused together. Gametes are sex cells that can be either an egg or a spermatozoon. The gametes produced by these organisms are haploid, which means that they have only one allele of each gene. So, the palamino horse can produce gametes with genotype Hc or Hcr. And the cremello horse can only produce Hcr gametes.

As it is shown in the punnett square, in the offspring, 50% will be HcHcr (heterozygous, palamino) and the other 50% will be HcrHcr (homozygous, cremello)

answer:

the water molecules are transferred from the roots to the stem or top parts of the tall tree because of important properties of water which are adhesion, cohesion and capillary action. cohesion is the property of water molecules keeps water molecules in a combined state by sharing of bonds between them at the atomic level. adhesion allows the interaction of water molecules with other substances or substrate. adhesion will cause the attachment of water molecules to the wall of the vessel (xylem) of the plant. capillary action occurs when the adhesive force to the vessel wall is stronger than the cohesive force between water molecules. capillary action mimics the transfer of water from a tube or pipe. in this way water utilizes its property to transfer water from down to top level of the plant.