Let's say we have finally discovered life on Venus. Scientists are investigating a newly discovered life form: a single-celled organism found in the swampy canals. You have been contracted to perform an electrophysiology study. Using intracellular electrodes to measure the electrical charge inside the cell, you find it has a resting membrane potential of -45 mV when the outside fluid is set to 0 mV. Additionally, you have determined ion concentrations and listed them below.

Ion Cell [ ] in mOsm/L Swamp [ ] in mOsm/L
K+ 5 150
Na+ 15 175
Cl- 40 40

You have used new molecular biology techniques to insert protein channels into the cell membrane that allow only and to pass.

a. Predict which ion(s) will move.
b. Tell what direction it (they) will move and what force(s) is/are acting on it (them).
c. Calculate the equilibrium potential for K+, Na+, Cl-
d. Is the equilibrium potential for the same as the membrane potential? Why or why not?
e. What is the resting membrane potential of the single celled organism with these ionic conditions?

transcription is a process in which information is rewritten. it is something our cells must do, in a more specialized and narrowly defined way. in biology, transcription is the process of copying out the dna sequence of a gene in the similar alphabet of rna. it needs to happen in the nucleus because that's where the dna is. dna is always inside the nucleus unless the cell is dividing.

transcription is the first step in gene expression, which involves copying a gene's dna sequence to make an rna molecule. transcription is performed by rna polymerases. it has three stages: initiation, elongation, and termination. rna molecules must be processed after transcription in eukaryotes.

explanation:

long version:

the protein synthesis consists two processes which are, transcription and translation. transcription takes place in the nucleus. it uses dna as a template to make an rna molecule. rna then leaves the nucleus and goes to a ribosome in the cytoplasm, where translation occurs. transcription is the first part of the central dogma of molecular biology: dna → rna. it is the transfer of genetic instructions in dna to messenger rna (mrna). during transcription, a strand of mrna is made that is complementary to a strand of dna.  

these three stages are:

  initiation: in which   is the beginning of transcription.occuring when the enzyme rna polymerase binds to a region of a gene called the promoter. this signals the dna to unwind so the enzyme can ‘‘read’’ the bases in one of the dna strands. the enzyme is now ready to make a strand of mrna with a complementary sequence of bases.

    elongation: in which is the addition of nucleotides to the mrna strand. rna polymerase reads the unwound dna strand and builds the mrna molecule, using complementary base pairs. there is a brief time during this process when the newly formed rna is bound to the unwound dna. during this process, an adenine (a) in the dna binds to an uracil (u) in the rna.

    termination: in which is the ending of transcription, and occurs when rna polymerase crosses a stop (termination) sequence in the gene. the mrna strand is complete, and it detaches from dna.

the sugar-phosphate backbone forms the structural framework of nucleic acids, including dna and rna. this backbone is composed of alternating sugar and phosphate groups, and defines directionality of the molecule.

idk what the options are but

these is a strong electrostatic attraction between the ions hence a lot of energy is needed to overcome this attraction

this is why the boiling points are so high