Long-chain fatty acids have an alkyl chain of more than 10 carbon atoms. Fatty acids with alkyl chains of this length are characterized as in terms of polarity and ___ in terms of size. This length decreases their ability to cross the lipid bilayer of the mitochondrial membrane. As a result, such fatty acids are activated in the cytoplasm by ___ . However, the resulting molecule, fatty acyl-CoA, is still too to cross the membrane. Therefore, a protein system involving carnitine is required for this transport to occur.

This system consists of enzymes ___ (located in the outer mitochondrial membrane) and (located in the inner mitochondrial membrane), which are responsible for the conjugation of the fatty acyl-CoA with carnitine and the delivery of the resulting molecule into the .

The purpose of such a mechanism is that the carnitine molecule is in size compared to coenzyme A but is classified as , which gives it the ability to pass the lipid bilayer. When a fatty acyl group is transferred to carnitine, the conjugate molecule passes into the intermembrane space via the pores in the outer mitochondrial membrane and the inner membrane is crossed with the help of .

simultaneously the answers includes: nonpolar, large, acyl coa synthetase, large,CPT1,CPT2,mitochondrial matrix,small, polar,translocase.

Explanation:

Long-chain fatty acids have an alkyl chain of more than 10 carbon atoms. Fatty acids with alkyl chains of this length are characterized as NONPOLAR in terms of polarity and LARGE in terms of size. This length decreases their ability to cross the lipid bilayer of the mitochondrial membrane. As a result, such fatty acids are activated in the cytoplasm by ACYL COA SYNTHETASE . However, the resulting molecule, fatty acyl-CoA, is still too LARGE to cross the membrane. Therefore, a protein system involving carnitine is required for this transport to occur.

This system consists of enzymes CARNITINE PALMITOYLTRANSFERASE 1 (located in the outer mitochondrial membrane) and CARNITINE PALMITOYLTRANSFERASE 2 (located in the inner mitochondrial membrane), which are responsible for the conjugation of the fatty acyl-CoA with carnitine and the delivery of the resulting molecule into the MITOCHONDRIAL MATRIX.

The purpose of such a mechanism is that the carnitine molecule is SMALL in size compared to coenzyme A but is classified as POLAR , which gives it the ability to pass the lipid bilayer. When a fatty acyl group is transferred to carnitine, the conjugate molecule passes into the intermembrane space via the pores in the outer mitochondrial membrane and the inner membrane is crossed with the help of TRANSLOCASE .

friedrich meischer discovered it in white blood cell