Recall that photosynthesis consists of two sets of chemical reactions. Which of these describes the energy conversions that
occur during the light-independent reactions?
Olight energy → chemical energy
O chemical energy → chemical energy
O chemical energy → mechanical energy
O mechanical energy → mechanical energy
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Transmission electron microscope are best for viewing a) microorganisms in pond water b) internal organs of a mouse c)internal structures of a cell d) surface features of a specimen

The kidney filters potentially toxic substances in the blood, and thus “clears” the blood of those substances. this clearance function is dependent upon and proportional to the diffusion gradient of the substance across filtering capillaries, i.e. if the concentration of the substance is doubled, twice as much will be cleared from each ml of blood that is filtered. suppose that the body produces a constant amount of a substance x per unit of time. the kidneys eliminate substance x at a rate directly proportional to the concentration of the substance and the volume of blood cleared each minute (c): elimination = c × [x], where [x] is the steady-state concentration of substance x. imagine an individual with an initial concentration of x equal to [x]0 who develops kidney disease. her baseline clearance c0 drops to one half of the original (½c0). what is the new steady state concentration of x? (for simplicity, assume that substance x is 100% filtered by the kidney).

Compare the parts of a cell and the cell as a whole to another common nonliving system (i.e., a car, a city, describe the parts of a cell and their primary function.