Which of the following is true concerning cancer cells?

a. They evade the normal controls that trigger programmed cell death.
b. They must be attached to a substrate to divide in culture.
c. They exhibit density-dependent inhibition when growing in culture.
d. They stop dividing in culture when growth factors are depleted.

a.They evade the normal controls that trigger programmed cell death.

Explanation:

Cancer cells are cells in the body that grow abnormal and uncontrollably. Continuous growth cancer cells results in the development of tumor as well as the ability to invade neighboring tissues.

Unlike normal cells that are controlled (reproduce only when needed) and are more specialized with specific functions, cancer cells are less specialized compared to normal cells and grow abnormally and rapidly. Cancers cells grow out of control, as they evade the normal control and ignore signals that activate apoptosis or programmed cell death which is used by the body system to destroy unwanted cells.

an individual’s sex (i.e., whether they are a male or female) is determined by the sex chromosomes. most people have two sex chromosomes, one that is inherited from their mother and one that is inherited from their father. typically, females have two x chromosomes (xx) and males have one x chromosome and one y chromosome (xy). conditions caused by changes (“mutations”) in genes located on the x chromosome are considered x-linked.

x-linked recessive inheritance

most x-linked conditions are recessive. this means that in a person with two x chromosomes (most females), both copies of a gene (i.e., one on each x chromosome) must have a change or mutation whereas in a person with one x chromosome (most males), only one copy of a gene must have a mutation. a female with a mutation in one copy of a gene on the x chromosome is said to be a “carrier” for an x-linked condition. a male with a mutation in a gene on the x chromosome is typically affected with the condition. because females have two copies of the x chromosome and males have only one x chromosome, x-linked recessive diseases are more common among males than females. however, x-linked recessive diseases can occur in both males and females.

for x-linked recessive disorders, an unaffected carrier mother who has a mutation in a gene on the x chromosome can transmit either the x chromosome with this mutation or a “normal” x chromosome to her children. if the father is unaffected, none of her daughters will be affected and all of her daughters will be unaffected—since they will inherit at least one normal x chromosome from their father. however, each daughter will have a 50% chance of being an unaffected carrier like her mother and a 50% chance of both x chromosomes being normal.