Describe (in complete sentences) and give examples (at least 3) of pioneer species.

Pioneer species are hardy species which are the first to colonize previously biodiverse steady-state ecosystems. Some lichens grow on rocks without soil, so may be among the first form of life. The example includes bacteria, fungi, and lichens.

the answer for this question would be d. glaciers

the relative standard reduction potential of the half-cell in which reduction occurs; more positive than the other half-cell. reduction is a chemical process in which electrons are added to an atom or an ion; it always occurs accompanied by oxidation of the reducing agent.