Which one of the following statements is true regarding voluntary and involuntary responses? a. voluntary responses control the activity of glands. b. voluntary responses originate in the sensory receptors. c. involuntary responses are part of the autonomic system. d. involuntary responses may include the spinal cord and not the brain.

The rate at which molecules water and oxygen can enter a cell is determined by the-

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The kidney filters potentially toxic substances in the blood, and thus “clears” the blood of those substances. this clearance function is dependent upon and proportional to the diffusion gradient of the substance across filtering capillaries, i.e. if the concentration of the substance is doubled, twice as much will be cleared from each ml of blood that is filtered. suppose that the body produces a constant amount of a substance x per unit of time. the kidneys eliminate substance x at a rate directly proportional to the concentration of the substance and the volume of blood cleared each minute (c): elimination = c × [x], where [x] is the steady-state concentration of substance x. imagine an individual with an initial concentration of x equal to [x]0 who develops kidney disease. her baseline clearance c0 drops to one half of the original (½c0). what is the new steady state concentration of x? (for simplicity, assume that substance x is 100% filtered by the kidney).