The type of reasoning that is usually based on laws, rules, principles, generalizations, or definitions.
a. valid
b. inductive
c. sound
d. deductive

Inductive reasoning is when you use examples to reach a conclusion. Examples need to be relevant to the audience, concrete and relatable in such a way that you can connect it to your own life in one way or another. Deductive reasoning is based on the knowledge that you already know in order to arrive to a conclusion. Sound reasoning is simply reasoning that makes sense in some cases is considered as logical reasoning. Based on this we can say that deductive reasoning is based on laws, rules, principles, generalizations or definitions.

This type of galaxy is an approximately ellipsoidal shape and a smooth, nearly featureless image. they are the largest single star systems, in the universe and are built by the collisions of many smaller galaxies.