Santos and Lüderitz are the same distance from the equator, and both cities are near the ocean. The air temperature in Lüderitz is colder than the air temperature in Santos. What causes the air temperature in these places to be different?

Environmental, spatial and topographical factors.

Explanation:

Air temperature depends on many diverse environmental (vegetation) and geographical factors, being the most important one the altitude on the sea level since this factor can directly affect the amount of radiation received on the Earth's surface. Recently, many meteorological models capable of estimating air temperature under certain conditions have been developed. These computational models consider a multiplicity of factors and use input data that are associated with the topography and the location (e.g., longitude, latitude and altitude).