Two solutions are separated by a semipermeable membrane that is permeable to potassium but not chloride or sodium ions. Solution A on the left contains a solution that is 100 mM potassium, while Solution B on the right has a concentration of potassium chloride of 1 mM. There is an electrode in both solutions, and a comparative assessment of voltages between the two compartments is being made. The investigator doing the study decides to call side B ground potential (or, in other words, defines it as 0). A. What is the value for the chloride equilibrium potential in this condition?
B. In one sentence, describe why it has a positive or negative value. C. What would be the value of the chloride equilibrium potential? (show how you calculate this) D. What is the voltage of side B relative to side A? E. Does the chloride equilibrium potential contribute significantly to the voltage actually being measured by the investigator? Why or why not (one sentence)?

1) what three conditions must be present for minerals to form through natural processes? 2) why are minerals considered inorganic substances? 3) how do oxides differ from other minerals that contain oxygen atoms? 4) how is a sulfide different from a sulfate? what makes native elements unique?

The kidney filters potentially toxic substances in the blood, and thus “clears” the blood of those substances. this clearance function is dependent upon and proportional to the diffusion gradient of the substance across filtering capillaries, i.e. if the concentration of the substance is doubled, twice as much will be cleared from each ml of blood that is filtered. suppose that the body produces a constant amount of a substance x per unit of time. the kidneys eliminate substance x at a rate directly proportional to the concentration of the substance and the volume of blood cleared each minute (c): elimination = c × [x], where [x] is the steady-state concentration of substance x. imagine an individual with an initial concentration of x equal to [x]0 who develops kidney disease. her baseline clearance c0 drops to one half of the original (½c0). what is the new steady state concentration of x? (for simplicity, assume that substance x is 100% filtered by the kidney).

Suppose you were the commissioner of corrections for your state. which correctional activities might come within your domain? which mostly would not