Describe the flow of energy from a glucose molecule to ATP during respiration, and compare this to the flow of energy from glucose to acids and alcohols during fermentation. Specifically, what carries the energy from glucose to ATP - what energy conversions must occur during the process. Compare the ATP production during respiration with ATP production during fermentation.

Glycolysis is the first step of the cellular respiration in an organism which is metabolic pathway that is completed in the cytosol of the cell that leads to the converting glucose to the pyruvate in order to produce energy in form of ATP:

1. Glucose-6-phosphate is ---> fructose-6-phosphate

2. fructose-6-phosphate ---> fructose-1,6-biphosphate

3. fructose-1,6-biphosphate ---> glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate(GAP) and dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP).

4. GAP is oxidised > 3-bisphosphoglycerate + NADH

5.  3-bisphosphoglycerate  > 1,3-bisphophoglycerat

6. 1,3-bisphophoglycerate   > 3-phosphoglycerate

7. 3-phosphoglycerate > 2-phosphoglycerate

8.  2-phosphoglycerate  > phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP)

9. phosphoenolpyruvate to ADP  > pyruvic acid + ATP

Formation of ATP occurs in both pathways or process that are respiration and fermentation. Fermentation is a catabolic pathway leads to the degradation of sugars (partial) that result in the gain of energy and this energy are absorbed in ATP.  There are difference of the amount of energy or ATP produce in these process in respiration 38 ATP are produced whereas during fermentation only 2 ATP are produced.

the generally accepted parts of modern cell theory include: all known living things are made up of one or more cells. all living cells arise from pre-existing cells by division. the cell is the fundamental unit of structure and function in all living organisms.

the principle of segregation describes how pairs of gene variants are separated into reproductive cells. from his data, mendel formulated the principle of segregation. we now know that the segregation of genes occurs during meiosis in eukaryotes, which is a process that produces reproductive cells called gametes.